China's Underwater Data Centers: A Leap Towards Sustainable Computing

China has launched the world’s first commercial underwater data center in Hainan, an initiative aimed at reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions in digital infrastructure. This facility, managed by Shenzhen HiCloud Data Centre Technology, is part of a broader effort to expand the blue economy within the country’s largest pilot free-trade zone. The underwater data center, which operates 35 meters below the surface, utilizes seawater for cooling, potentially slashing energy use by up to 90% compared to traditional land-based data centers.

South China Morning Post

The underwater data center consists of a 1,300-tonne cabin that houses 24 server racks capable of supporting 400 to 500 servers. The project is notable for its reliance on renewable energy sources, primarily offshore wind power, with over 95% of its energy needs expected to be met through renewables. However, significant engineering challenges persist, including maintaining the integrity of the structure against saltwater corrosion and ensuring reliable internet connectivity to the mainland.

China tests underwater data pods to cut computing energy use

Highlander, a maritime equipment firm, is also preparing to launch a similar underwater data pod off the coast of Shanghai. This project is set to go live in mid-October and aims to serve clients such as China Telecom and a state-owned AI computing firm. The Shanghai pod will be constructed on land and submerged in sections, employing protective coatings to combat corrosion.

China's new underwater data centers could slash power by up to 90%

While the potential for energy savings is significant, experts have raised concerns regarding the environmental impact of underwater data centers. Marine ecologist Andrew Want has highlighted the risks of thermal pollution, which could alter local marine ecosystems by attracting certain species while displacing others. Although earlier trials near Zhuhai showed minimal temperature changes, experts like Shaolei Ren from the University of California, Riverside, caution that larger-scale deployments may pose greater ecological risks.

China tests underwater data pods to cut computing energy use

Highlander’s vice president, Yang Ye, emphasized the advantages of underwater operations, stating, “Underwater facilities can save approximately 90 percent of energy consumption for cooling.” However, he acknowledged the need for ongoing research into the ecological implications of these projects. The Chinese government has supported these initiatives with substantial subsidies, including 40 million yuan (approximately $5.6 million) for Highlander’s earlier project.

China's new underwater data centers could slash power by up to 90%

Despite the innovative approach, some experts express skepticism about the long-term viability and ecological safety of underwater data centers. Concerns about cybersecurity vulnerabilities, particularly regarding potential sound wave attacks, have also been raised. Critics argue that without comprehensive studies on the environmental impact, scaling up these facilities could lead to unforeseen consequences.

China's new underwater data centers could slash power by up to 90%

As China continues to invest in underwater data centers, the focus will be on addressing technical challenges and conducting further research into their ecological effects. The success of these projects could pave the way for a new model of sustainable computing, complementing traditional data centers while meeting the growing demand for digital services.

China tests underwater data pods to cut computing energy use