Europe's Response to Russian Hybrid Warfare: A Comprehensive Strategy

Hybrid warfare, characterized by a blend of military, political, economic, and cyber tactics, poses significant challenges for European security. In mid-October 2025, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz unveiled a "new comprehensive action plan" aimed at countering these hybrid threats, which will be reviewed by the National Security Council. Austrian disinformation analyst Dietmar Pichler emphasized the importance of identifying actions linked to hybrid operations, such as sabotage and disinformation campaigns. He warned that delays in response could complicate the situation, stating, "If authorities don’t communicate clearly... it can cause major problems in the information war."

Euronews

A critical aspect of this hybrid warfare includes the use of "low-level agents," who are typically untrained individuals hired for minor acts of sabotage. These agents, often recruited through social media platforms like Telegram, are discarded after completing their missions. Germany's domestic intelligence chief, Sinan Selen, highlighted the threat posed by these agents, urging citizens to avoid becoming "pawns of a foreign intelligence service."

Euronews

In a notable incident, Polish authorities arrested eight individuals, including a Ukrainian national, suspected of planning sabotage activities. Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk stated that these suspects were in contact with handlers in Russia and Belarus, indicating a broader network of low-level agents operating within Europe. The Polish domestic intelligence agency, ABW, reported that the detainees were preparing to spy on military sites and critical infrastructure.

Euronews

European leaders are increasingly recognizing the need for a coordinated response to Russian hybrid warfare. European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen described the situation as a "coherent and escalating campaign" aimed at destabilizing Europe. However, the current response has been criticized as slow and disjointed, lacking a unified protocol for detecting and retaliating against attacks.

CityLab

Experts advocate for greater coordination among NATO and EU members, emphasizing the need for swift public attribution of attacks and clear penalties for identified Russian agencies or proxies. Additionally, there is a call for harmonizing laws to facilitate cross-border prosecutions and asset freezes.

CityLab

Chancellor Friedrich Merz acknowledged Europe's dependency on the United States for security, stating, "whether we like it or not, we will remain dependent on the United States of America for some time to come." This sentiment reflects the broader reality of European defense, as leaders seek to strengthen their capabilities while maintaining transatlantic ties.

Foreign Policy

Despite the push for a unified response, there are concerns regarding the effectiveness of current strategies. Critics argue that Europe must avoid a tit-for-tat approach and instead focus on resilience and deterrence. Dr. Peter Neumann cautioned against shooting down aircraft, suggesting that such actions could escalate tensions with Russia.

Euronews

As Europe grapples with the complexities of hybrid warfare, the focus will likely shift towards enhancing resilience against low-level threats and improving coordination among member states. Future discussions may center on the establishment of clearer red lines regarding airspace violations and the procurement of joint defense technologies.

CityLab

• “If authorities don’t communicate clearly – for example, explaining that measures are defensive, not offensive – it can cause major problems in the information war,” — Dietmar Pichler, Disinformation Analyst

Euronews

• “foreign states are threatening our democracy and security by using reckless, untrained low-level agents, motivated by quick money, and recruited through social media and messaging apps.” — Sinan Selen, Germany's Domestic Intelligence Chief

Euronews

• “This is not random harassment. It is a coherent and escalating campaign to unsettle our citizens, test our resolve, divide our union and weaken our support for Ukraine,” — Ursula von der Leyen, European Commission President

CityLab