Innovations in EV Battery Recycling and Repurposing in South Korea

Researchers at the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) in South Korea have introduced an innovative recycling process that recovers over 95 percent of nickel and cobalt from used electric vehicle (EV) batteries with high purity levels. This eco-friendly technique utilizes a selective electrochemical separation method involving a deep eutectic solvent (DES), specifically ethaline, which is a mixture of ethylene glycol and chloride ions. Unlike traditional wet recycling methods that rely on strong acids and generate hazardous wastewater, this new approach minimizes chemical use and environmental impact.

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The research demonstrated that the method achieved a nickel recovery rate of 99.1 percent and cobalt recovery of 98.8 percent from real-world nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) battery leachates. The process maintains a stable voltage difference between nickel and cobalt, allowing for efficient separation even under high temperatures. Kwiyong Kim, a professor at UNIST, emphasized that this method addresses the long-standing trade-off between purity and recovery rates, presenting a sustainable solution for the battery recycling industry.

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In addition to recycling advancements, Jeju Province in South Korea has initiated a pilot program aimed at repurposing retired EV batteries for agricultural machinery and energy storage systems. This initiative will provide 100 devices powered by repurposed batteries to eight rural villages classified as "energy-poor." To ensure safety and functionality, the batteries must retain at least 60 percent of their original capacity.

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The program is part of a broader strategy to increase South Korea's recycling rate for critical minerals to 20 percent by 2030, coinciding with projections of a significant rise in retired EV batteries. By repurposing these batteries, the initiative not only reduces waste but also mitigates the need for invasive mining practices associated with extracting essential minerals like nickel and cobalt.

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The recycling and repurposing of EV batteries are crucial for several reasons. First, it reduces reliance on mining, which often has significant environmental and human rights implications, particularly in regions like Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Second, improved recycling methods can lower the long-term costs of new batteries, making them more affordable for consumers. Lastly, effective recycling prevents hazardous materials from ending up in landfills, where they can contaminate soil and water.

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The research conducted by UNIST was supported by the Ministry of Education and the National Research Foundation of Korea, highlighting the government's commitment to advancing sustainable practices in the battery industry. Kwiyong Kim noted, “It minimizes chemical use and wastewater, contributing to a more sustainable battery recycling ecosystem.”

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While the advancements in recycling and repurposing are promising, critics argue that the infrastructure for widespread adoption of these technologies remains underdeveloped. There are concerns about the scalability of the new recycling methods and the need for comprehensive policies to support the transition from traditional practices.

From waste to resource: Recovering critical minerals for solar and EV batteries

As South Korea continues to innovate in battery recycling and repurposing, further developments are anticipated, including the establishment of a national battery resource center, pending budget approval. This initiative aims to enhance the country's capacity to manage the growing volume of retired EV batteries effectively.

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