Rising Tensions: Ukrainian Refugees in Poland Face Growing Resentment

The atmosphere for Ukrainian refugees in Poland has shifted dramatically since the onset of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. While initial responses from Polish citizens were overwhelmingly supportive, recent incidents and political changes have led to a rise in anti-Ukrainian sentiment. Reports indicate that many Ukrainians now experience hostility for speaking their native language in public, with incidents of verbal and physical abuse becoming more common.

Historically, relations between Poland and Ukraine have been complex, marked by events such as the Volhynia massacre during World War II, where over 100,000 Poles were killed by Ukrainian nationalists. This historical context has resurfaced in contemporary discussions, particularly as anti-Ukrainian sentiment has gained traction online since 2023. The election of right-wing populist Karol Nawrocki as president in June 2025 has further exacerbated these tensions, shifting the political landscape to the right and influencing public opinion.

Karol Nawrocki, the newly elected Polish president, has played a pivotal role in shaping the current narrative. His administration has proposed legislation that ties financial support for Ukrainian refugees to employment status, reflecting a broader trend of tightening benefits. In contrast, figures like Oleksandr Pestrykov from the Ukrainian House in Warsaw highlight the role of online disinformation and historical grievances in fueling resentment.

Recent surveys illustrate a significant decline in Polish support for Ukrainian refugees. A poll indicated that acceptance rates dropped from 94% shortly after the invasion to 48% by late 2025. Additionally, support for Ukraine's EU membership has plummeted from 85% to 35% during the same period, indicating a broader shift in public sentiment.

Critics argue that the rise in anti-Ukrainian sentiment is fueled by disinformation campaigns and the political rhetoric of leaders like Nawrocki. Some observers note that the initial support for Ukrainian refugees was an anomaly, and current attitudes reflect a return to historical norms of skepticism and resentment. This shift has led to fears among Ukrainian families, with some choosing to leave Poland due to the changing atmosphere.

Experiences among Ukrainian refugees in Poland vary significantly. While some, like Anastasiia Zhelezniak, report positive interactions and support from local communities, others face hostility and discrimination. Zhelezniak, who moved to Warsaw in 2023, has found a welcoming environment for her children, contrasting sharply with the experiences of others who have encountered aggression for speaking Ukrainian in public.

There is a notable discrepancy in the experiences reported by Ukrainian refugees. While some report positive integration and support, others highlight increasing hostility and fear. This divergence suggests that the atmosphere for Ukrainians in Poland is not uniform and may depend on various factors, including location and community dynamics.

• “Teach your daughter to speak Polish,” — Unknown Attacker

• “Things feel more tense now,” — Aliona, Ukrainian Entrepreneur

• “I think it would be better for my children and give them more opportunities than going back home,” — Anastasiia Zhelezniak, Child Psychologist

The evolving situation for Ukrainian refugees in Poland underscores the complexities of migration, historical grievances, and the impact of political rhetoric on public sentiment.