The Rise of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in India

Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's leadership, the secular identity of India has undergone significant transformation, largely influenced by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (R.S.S.), a far-right Hindu nationalist organization celebrating its centenary this year. The R.S.S. has evolved from a fringe group into a dominant force in Indian society, politics, and culture, reshaping the nation’s identity towards a more Hindu-centric narrative.

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Founded in 1925 by Keshav Baliram Hedgewar in Nagpur, the R.S.S. emerged during India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule. Hedgewar aimed to create a grassroots organization that would instill Hindu pride and unity in response to perceived threats from historical Muslim rulers. Over the decades, the R.S.S. has faced numerous challenges, including bans and accusations of involvement in political violence, yet it has grown to become the largest right-wing organization globally.

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The R.S.S. has strategically infiltrated various sectors of Indian life, including government, media, and education, through a network of affiliated organizations. This extensive reach has allowed it to shape political discourse and public policy significantly. Modi's tenure, marked by his strong association with the R.S.S., has further legitimized the group's vision of a "Hindu-first" India, making its ideals mainstream.

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In his annual Independence Day address in August, Modi publicly acknowledged the R.S.S. for its role in shaping his life and the nation, marking a pivotal moment in his administration's relationship with the organization. This acknowledgment reflects the R.S.S.'s growing acceptance and influence within the Indian political landscape.

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Despite its rise, the R.S.S. faces criticism from various quarters. Opponents argue that its agenda undermines India's secular foundations and promotes divisive politics. Critics express concern over the erosion of pluralism in a country known for its diverse cultural and religious fabric.

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While the R.S.S. claims to represent the interests of the Hindu majority, dissenting voices highlight the potential marginalization of minority communities. Reports on the extent of the R.S.S.'s influence vary, with some sources emphasizing its pervasive reach, while others question the sustainability of its agenda in a diverse society.

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• “has infiltrated and co-opted India’s institutions to such a degree that its deep roots will ensure it remains a powerful force long after Mr.” — New York Times

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• “The biggest force behind this transformation is a giant organization called the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, which is marking its centenary this year.” — New York Times

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• “Many among the Indian independence movement had a conservative streak and were uncomfortable with the pluralist vision that leaders like Mohandas K.” — New York Times

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The R.S.S.'s centenary marks a significant moment in India's political history, reflecting the ongoing struggle between secularism and Hindu nationalism in shaping the future of the nation.

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