Escalating Conflict in South Sudan's Jonglei State

South Sudan is experiencing a significant escalation in violence, particularly in Jonglei State, where clashes have reached levels not seen since 2017. The South Sudan People's Defence Forces (SSPDF) are preparing for a military operation, code-named "Operation Enduring Peace," aimed at countering fighters loyal to the Sudan People's Liberation Army-in-Opposition (SPLA-IO). This conflict has led to the displacement of approximately 180,000 people, exacerbating an already dire humanitarian situation.

Government Prepares Major Offensive as Fighting Escalates in Jonglei StateSouth Sudan orders UN, aid agencies to quit Jonglei ahead of major military offensive

In response to the escalating violence, the SSPDF has ordered all personnel from the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to evacuate Nyirol, Uror, and Akobo counties within 48 hours. The evacuation directive comes as SPLA-IO forces have made significant territorial gains, including the capture of Pajut, which poses a threat to the state capital, Bor. The UN and humanitarian agencies have expressed concern that the military operation could further complicate access to aid for displaced populations.

South Sudan orders UN, aid agencies to quit Jonglei ahead of major military offensive

The ongoing conflict has severely impacted civilian populations, with many fleeing to swamps and remote areas to escape the fighting. The UN has urged South Sudan's leaders to prioritize civilian protection and halt the violence, warning that continued clashes risk reversing the fragile gains made since the 2018 peace agreement. Aid agencies, including Médecins Sans Frontières, have begun evacuating staff from affected areas, further limiting humanitarian assistance to those in need.

Government Prepares Major Offensive as Fighting Escalates in Jonglei State

Critics of the government's military strategy argue that the planned offensive could lead to increased violence and further displacement of civilians. Humanitarian organizations have warned that the evacuation of aid workers may worsen the already critical conditions for displaced communities, who rely on external assistance for food, health services, and shelter.

The SSPDF has stated that the military operation is necessary to restore order and security in the region. A spokesperson for UNMISS confirmed that peacekeepers in Akobo are remaining in place to help de-escalate tensions, although it remains unclear whether personnel in the other counties will stay. The UN has called for an immediate cessation of hostilities and emphasized the need for all parties to prioritize the safety of civilians.

Government Prepares Major Offensive as Fighting Escalates in Jonglei State

As the situation develops, the imminent military operation is expected to lead to further clashes in Jonglei. The international community is likely to increase diplomatic pressure on South Sudan's leadership to contain the violence and prevent the conflict from spreading toward Bor or the capital, Juba. The next phase will depend on the effectiveness of the SSPDF's operation and its impact on the SPLA-IO's advances.

Government Prepares Major Offensive as Fighting Escalates in Jonglei State

• “All NGO’s and UNMISS personnel operating and working in Nyirol, Uror and Akobo are given 48 hours to leave,” — South Sudan People’s Defence Forces

South Sudan orders UN, aid agencies to quit Jonglei ahead of major military offensive

• “Our peacekeepers in Akobo remain in place, carrying out all efforts under our mandate to help de-escalate tensions and prevent conflict,” — UNMISS Spokesperson

• “Aid agencies warn that the latest military operations could displace even more people, while further complicating efforts to safely reach vulnerable populations.” — Humanitarian Agency Statement

South Sudan orders UN, aid agencies to quit Jonglei ahead of major military offensive