Digital Reconstruction of the Lighthouse of Alexandria: The Pharos Project

The Pharos Project is an international initiative led by French and Egyptian archaeologists aimed at digitally reconstructing the Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. This monumental structure, which stood approximately 460 feet tall, was destroyed by a series of earthquakes between the 4th and 14th centuries AD. The project has been underway for several years, focusing on the recovery and analysis of submerged fragments from the lighthouse, which are scattered across 18 acres of the Eastern Harbor of Alexandria.

This is what the Lighthouse of Alexandria will look like: a project reconstructs it in 3DGB NewsNewser

Archaeologist Isabelle Hairy and her team have documented around 5,000 underwater artifacts, including massive limestone and granite blocks weighing up to 80 tons. The use of photogrammetry allows researchers to create a detailed 3D model of the lighthouse, effectively piecing together its architectural features. Significant findings include architectural elements such as lintels, door supports, and a previously unknown pylon-like structure that suggests a blend of Egyptian and Greek design influences.

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The Lighthouse of Alexandria was constructed during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus in the early 3rd century BCE. It served as a vital navigational aid for sailors approaching the busy port of Alexandria. Its destruction began with a major earthquake in A.D. 1303, which was followed by subsequent seismic events that led to its eventual collapse. The remains of the lighthouse were largely forgotten until rediscovered during conservation efforts for the nearby Citadel of Qaitbay.

This is what the Lighthouse of Alexandria will look like: a project reconstructs it in 3D

The Pharos Project is significant not only for its archaeological contributions but also for its innovative approach to underwater archaeology. By creating a digital twin of the lighthouse, researchers aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of its structure and design. This virtual reconstruction allows for exploration and analysis without the need to disturb the fragile underwater site.

Archaeologists are lifting 70- to 80-ton stones from the legendary Lighthouse of Alexandria, and the most intriguing part is that some pieces appear to be part of a long-lost monumental doorway

Experts involved in the project emphasize its global importance. Paul Cartledge, a historian at the University of Cambridge, noted, “The project has enduring importance and interest globally, both for the underwater archaeology aspect and for the nature of the finds.” The project is supported by the French National Centre for Scientific Research and the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, highlighting international collaboration in archaeological research.

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While the project has garnered support, challenges remain. The underwater conditions complicate excavation efforts, and some critics express concerns about the sustainability of lifting artifacts from the seabed. The project team is aware of these challenges and is adapting their methods to ensure the preservation of the site.

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Future phases of the Pharos Project will involve continued excavation and the use of advanced digital tools to refine the reconstruction. As the project progresses, researchers hope to uncover more about the architectural complexity of the lighthouse and its historical significance, transforming legend into a measurable reality.

Archaeologists are lifting 70- to 80-ton stones from the legendary Lighthouse of Alexandria, and the most intriguing part is that some pieces appear to be part of a long-lost monumental doorway

• “The architectural fragments lie scattered over 18 acres underwater,” — Isabelle Hairy, Archaeologist

New York Times

• “Try dredging those by hand.” — Paul Cartledge, Historian

New York Times