Ancient Vietnamese Tooth Blackening: A 2,000-Year-Old Tradition

Recent archaeological research in Vietnam has revealed the earliest known evidence of tooth blackening, a cosmetic tradition that was prevalent in the region. This discovery stems from the analysis of human remains at the Dong Xa settlement, an Iron Age site located in the Red River Delta. The study, published in *Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences*, indicates that individuals living 2,000 years ago intentionally darkened their teeth, a practice that persisted until the early 20th century.

Newsweek

The research team, led by Yue Zhang from the Australian National University, utilized non-destructive methods such as X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy to examine three tooth samples from Dong Xa. Their findings revealed elevated levels of iron and sulphur in the enamel, suggesting the use of iron salts combined with tannin-rich plant extracts to create a permanent black coloration. This process involved multiple steps, including cleaning the enamel, applying a red undercoat, and layering the iron-tannin mixture to achieve the desired shade.

Newsweek

The emergence of tooth blackening during the Iron Age aligns with significant cultural shifts in northern Vietnam, including increased access to iron tools and expanded trade routes. This period also saw growing cultural interactions with southern China, where similar practices were noted in historical texts. Researchers propose that tooth blackening may have evolved as a substitute for tooth ablation, a ritual involving the removal of front teeth, providing a visible marker of adulthood without the permanence of physical loss.

Newsweek

The findings from Dong Xa establish a direct link between ancient tooth blackening practices and those observed in Vietnam up to the 19th and 20th centuries. Zhang emphasized that this research represents the first archaeological connection between blackened teeth and modern intentional tooth-blackening practices. The study highlights how Iron Age communities in Vietnam employed sophisticated cosmetic techniques to transform their appearance, which served as a lasting emblem of cultural identity.

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While the study provides valuable insights into ancient Vietnamese customs, some scholars may question the extent to which these findings can be generalized across different regions and time periods. The reliance on chemical analysis raises discussions about the potential for misinterpretation of the data, particularly concerning the origins and variations of tooth blackening practices.

Newsweek

• “We believe the combined presence of Fe and S signals is a strong indicator of the involvement of iron salts,” — Yue Zhang, Lead Author

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• “To our knowledge, this is the first time archaeologically discovered blackened teeth have been directly linked to modern intentional tooth-blackening,” — Yue Zhang, Lead Author

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This research not only sheds light on an ancient beauty ideal but also enriches our understanding of cultural practices that have persisted through centuries in Vietnam.

Newsweek