The Rise and Fall of Henequén: Yucatán's Green Gold

Henequén, derived from the Agave fourcroydes plant native to the Yucatán Peninsula, has a rich history dating back approximately 4,600 years. Known as “sisal” in the United States, it became a vital export in the 19th century, particularly for its durability in maritime applications. By the early 20th century, Yucatán was the leading supplier of henequén, contributing significantly to the region's wealth, with Mérida boasting the highest number of millionaires per capita globally.

Henequen: the tainted history of Yucatán’s ‘green gold’Carlota, the forgotten empress consort of Mexico

However, the prosperity associated with henequén was built on a foundation of exploitation. Journalist John Kenneth Turner’s 1911 exposé, “Barbarous Mexico,” revealed the brutal conditions faced by the Yaqui people, who were forcibly transported to work on henequén plantations. Many Yaquis, including pregnant women, were sold into servitude under horrific conditions, with an estimated two-thirds dying within their first year. The local Maya also suffered under debt peonage, bound to haciendas through unpayable debts. Additionally, thousands of Koreans and Chinese were brought in as indentured laborers, further diversifying a workforce that endured severe exploitation.

Henequen: the tainted history of Yucatán’s ‘green gold’Carlota, the forgotten empress consort of Mexico

The henequén industry thrived until the 1940s when the advent of synthetic fibers like nylon led to a dramatic decline in demand. This shift resulted in the closure of plantations and abandonment of workers, plunging Yucatán’s economy into crisis. In subsequent years, efforts were made to revive the industry, including the development of genetically improved henequén varieties since 2017. Despite these initiatives, production has plummeted, with farmers reporting low prices and inadequate government support. Today, henequén is primarily used in small-scale artisanal crafts, unable to sustain a once-thriving industry.

Henequen: the tainted history of Yucatán’s ‘green gold’Carlota, the forgotten empress consort of Mexico

The story of henequén encapsulates themes of global trade, human resilience, and exploitation. It highlights the duality of Mexico's history, showcasing both its ingenuity and the darker chapters of its past. The economic boom created by henequén led to the establishment of fortunes and cities, while the moral implications of its production reveal the brutality of the Díaz regime. As production dwindles, the challenge remains not only to revive the industry but also to remember the lessons of its history—prosperity built on injustice is unsustainable.

Henequen: the tainted history of Yucatán’s ‘green gold’

• “It is about global trade, human resilience and exploitation.” — Unknown Author

Henequen: the tainted history of Yucatán’s ‘green gold’

• “Today, as production collapses, perhaps the greatest challenge is not reviving the industry but remembering its lessons — that prosperity built on injustice cannot endure.” — Unknown Author

Henequen: the tainted history of Yucatán’s ‘green gold’

While some sources indicate that henequén production has collapsed almost entirely, others suggest that small-scale artisanal uses continue to keep the tradition alive. The extent of government support for farmers remains unclear, with reports of dissatisfaction among producers.

Henequen: the tainted history of Yucatán’s ‘green gold’

The narrative of henequén serves as a poignant reminder of the complexities of economic success intertwined with human suffering, urging a reflection on the moral responsibilities that accompany prosperity.

Henequen: the tainted history of Yucatán’s ‘green gold’