The Crisis in Taxonomy: A Call to Action for Biodiversity

Art Borkent, a 72-year-old taxonomist, has dedicated his life to studying biting midges, a family of flies known as ceratopogonidae. He has described over 300 species, yet he fears that once he is no longer able to continue his work, this group may become an "orphan group," a term used to describe branches of life that are no longer studied. Borkent's concerns reflect a broader crisis within the field of taxonomy, which is facing a significant decline in both practitioners and funding. As of now, more than 2.1 million species have been identified, but estimates suggest that up to a trillion species may exist, many of which remain undiscovered.

The Guardian

The urgency of taxonomic work is underscored by the ongoing sixth mass extinction, driven by human activities. Many species are disappearing before they can even be documented. Insects, particularly, are among the most diverse organisms, with estimates suggesting that between 2 million to 3 million fly species are yet to be identified. However, half of the known families of insects are considered taxonomically orphaned, highlighting a critical gap in our understanding of biodiversity.

The Guardian

The decline in taxonomy is attributed to several factors, including the aging population of taxonomists and the lack of new entrants into the field. A 2025 survey revealed that half of the countries surveyed had fewer than ten plant taxonomists, with only 18% employed full-time in this role. Additionally, many universities have ceased to teach taxonomy as part of biology courses, further exacerbating the issue. Borkent notes that the field has lost its appeal, as taxonomists often engage in lengthy disputes over classifications, which do not attract significant research funding.

The Guardian

The advent of DNA barcoding, pioneered by Canadian scientist Paul Hebert in 2003, has transformed species identification. While this technique allows for rapid identification of known species, it has limitations. Borkent argues that DNA barcoding cannot provide insights into species interactions, behaviors, or habitats, which are essential for a comprehensive understanding of biodiversity. He emphasizes that traditional taxonomy remains crucial for documenting the complexities of life on Earth.

The Guardian

Despite previous calls for action, such as a 2003 report from the UK House of Lords recommending increased engagement of young people in taxonomy, little progress has been made. Borkent and his colleagues express deep concern over the hidden extinctions occurring within the species they study, driven by climate change and habitat destruction. The emotional toll on taxonomists is evident, as they grapple with the stress of their dwindling numbers and the urgency of their work.

The Guardian

• “We need this information. It’s part of the beauty and complexity that’s out there on Earth. Humans hardly know anything.” — Art Borkent, Taxonomist

The Guardian

• “There’s a universal lament. The stories are so bad. Last time, I had a colleague who broke down in tears over beers in the evening. They were so stressed. They had no time to do what they wanted to do, what they love,” — Art Borkent, Taxonomist

The Guardian

The future of taxonomy is uncertain, but the need for renewed focus and investment in this foundational science is critical for the preservation of biodiversity.

The Guardian