Protecting Artemis II Astronauts from Solar Radiation

Space weather encompasses the dynamic conditions influenced by solar wind and eruptions from the Sun, including solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Solar flares are the most powerful eruptions in the solar system, releasing energy equivalent to over a billion hydrogen bombs. CMEs are massive clouds of solar particles that can significantly impact technology and pose serious risks to astronauts. During the Artemis II mission, which marks the first crewed flight of NASA's Artemis program, astronauts will venture beyond Earth's protective magnetic field into an environment where solar eruptions can elevate radiation levels inside their spacecraft, potentially increasing the risk of cancer and cognitive impairments.

NASA

To mitigate these risks, NASA has implemented a comprehensive strategy involving real-time monitoring of solar activity. The Artemis II crew will be equipped with radiation trackers, and ground teams will continuously observe solar eruptions. Mary Aronne, operations lead for the space weather analysis office at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, emphasized the importance of real-time space weather analysis, focusing on solar energetic particles and events that could generate them.

NASA

NASA will utilize data from various Sun-watching spacecraft, including the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe, Solar Dynamics Observatory, and the European Space Agency/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory. Additionally, NASA's Perseverance Mars rover will provide unique insights by monitoring sunspots on the far side of the Sun, offering advance notice of potential solar eruptions before they become visible from Earth.

NASA

Inside the Orion spacecraft, six radiation sensors will measure dose rates, while astronauts will wear personal radiation trackers known as crew active dosimeters. If radiation levels rise above predetermined thresholds, the onboard systems will issue warnings. Astronauts are trained to reconfigure their cabin to enhance radiation shielding by adding mass between themselves and incoming particles, a critical procedure that will be tested during Artemis II.

NASA

The mission will also account for exposure to Earth's radiation belts and galactic cosmic rays, with the total expected exposure being comparable to a month-long stay on the International Space Station. The Moon to Mars Space Weather Analysis Office at NASA Goddard will continuously assess solar activity and collaborate with the Space Radiation Analysis Group at NASA’s Johnson Space Center to inform flight control teams of any necessary precautions.

NASA

As the Artemis II mission approaches, NASA's multifaceted approach to monitoring and mitigating solar radiation risks underscores the complexities of human space exploration. By leveraging advanced technology and real-time data, NASA aims to ensure the safety and success of its astronauts as they embark on this historic journey beyond Earth.

NASA