Shifts in Drug Consumption Patterns Across Europe

Recent analysis of wastewater samples from 115 European cities indicates a significant decline in the consumption of MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy. In 2025, residues of MDMA detected in these wastewaters decreased by nearly 16% compared to the previous year. João Matias, a scientific analyst at the European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA), noted that this decline is particularly surprising given that similar trends were not observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite restrictions on nightlife and recreational activities. Matias attributes this drop partly to changing preferences among younger users, aged 15 to 24, who are increasingly opting for substances like ketamine and synthetic cathinones.

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In contrast to the decline in MDMA, the study revealed a notable increase in the use of cocaine and ketamine. From 2024 to 2025, the load of cocaine metabolites in European wastewaters surged by 22%. Matias explained that this trend reflects a steady rise in cocaine use over the past three to four years, coinciding with increased availability in the European market. Similarly, ketamine usage rose by 41%, driven by its growing popularity among young people and greater availability on the illicit market.

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The study highlights significant geographic disparities in drug consumption across Europe. The highest concentrations of MDMA were found in cities in Belgium, Spain, and the Netherlands, while ketamine levels peaked in Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands. Cocaine use remains prevalent in western and southern Europe, particularly in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Spain, which are known entry points for cocaine into the continent. Interestingly, the analysis also revealed that drug consumption patterns vary within countries, influenced by factors such as the presence of universities, nightlife areas, and the demographic structure of the population.

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João Matias emphasized the importance of understanding these shifts in drug use, stating, "For those that are younger and decide to use drugs, we see that ketamine is one of the drugs of their choice, mostly because of the effects." He also noted that while cocaine use is higher in certain regions, it is not solely linked to its entry points, indicating a more complex relationship between drug availability and consumption.

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Some experts have raised concerns about the implications of these changing drug trends. Critics argue that the rise in ketamine and cocaine use among young people could lead to increased health risks and societal challenges. The shift away from MDMA may also indicate a need for more targeted public health interventions to address the evolving landscape of drug consumption.

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While the data presents a clear trend of declining MDMA use and rising cocaine and ketamine consumption, discrepancies exist regarding the specific factors driving these changes. Further research is needed to fully understand the motivations behind these shifts and their long-term implications for public health and safety.

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“Regarding cocaine use, we know and we are seeing this steady increase already for the last three or four years.” — João Matias, Scientific Analyst, EUDA

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“I would say that the sharp drop in MDMA is the biggest surprise we have this year in Europe,” — João Matias, Scientific Analyst, EUDA

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