Tonga's Partnership with the US on Deep-Sea Mineral Exploration: A Controversial Development

Tonga's newly elected Prime Minister, Lord Fatafehi Fakafanua, has expressed enthusiasm regarding a recent agreement with the United States aimed at collaborating on deep-sea mineral exploration. This partnership, formalized in February 2026, seeks to advance marine scientific research while ensuring responsible exploration of seabed resources. Fakafanua emphasized that Tonga would maintain a cautious approach, prioritizing environmental protection and adhering to multilateral legal frameworks.

The Guardian

Despite the government's optimism, significant concerns have been raised regarding the potential environmental impact of seabed mining. Critics, including Dr. ‘Ungatea Fonua Kata, an academic and public figure, argue that the Pacific Ocean is vital to Tonga's livelihood and cultural identity. Kata stated, “Our livelihood is based in the ocean, so we do not want anything done that would be detrimental to our place of residence.” She highlighted the lack of adequate public consultation surrounding the US partnership, particularly given the critical nature of the issue.

The Guardian

Drew Havea, chair of the Civil Society Forum of Tonga, has been vocal in opposing deep-sea mining, advocating for a moratorium on the practice. He noted that “most Tongans disagreed with their country’s involvement in deep-sea mining” and previously called for a referendum on the issue, which the former government did not address. The Civil Society Forum has garnered support from the Pacific Network on Globalisation, which warns that deep-sea mining poses significant risks and should be approached with caution.

The Guardian

The agreement between Tonga and the US reflects a growing interest in the extraction of critical minerals from the ocean floor, which are essential for powering green technologies. However, the potential for environmental degradation raises questions about the long-term sustainability of such practices. Joey Tau, regional coordinator for the Pacific Network on Globalisation, emphasized the need for independent scientific research that prioritizes the common good over industrial interests, citing the negative historical impacts of mining in the region.

The Guardian

In response to the concerns, Prime Minister Fakafanua reiterated Tonga's commitment to a cautious approach, stating that the nation would engage in scientific exploration while adhering to legal obligations. The partnership aims to enhance global understanding of deep-sea ecosystems, but critics remain skeptical about the adequacy of public engagement in the decision-making process.

The Guardian

There is a notable discrepancy between the government's optimistic portrayal of the partnership and the widespread public opposition highlighted by civil society groups. While the government emphasizes responsible exploration, critics argue that the lack of public consultation undermines the legitimacy of the agreement. The debate continues over the balance between economic development and environmental protection in Tonga's approach to deep-sea mining.

The Guardian

• “The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on Earth yet it’s our home, we are opposed to any activity that could damage that environment,” — Dr. ‘Ungatea Fonua Kata, Academic and Public Figure

The Guardian

• “Most Tongans disagreed with their country’s involvement in deep-sea mining,” — Drew Havea, Chair of the Civil Society Forum of Tonga

The Guardian

• “He said: “There is more need for deep-sea science and research, but one that is done independently, that benefits the common good of all humankind, and not one that is driven by industry.” — Joey Tau, Regional Coordinator, Pacific Network on Globalisation

The Guardian