Story perspectives

Sand and Gravel Extraction Doubles Since 2000, Study Finds

8/27/2026

Summary

Story summary

Researchers report sand and gravel extraction has doubled since 2000, driven by China and India.
In 2024, global city-building projects turned 28 bn tonnes of sand and gravel into concrete.
Overextraction weakens riverbanks, lowers groundwater, causes coastal salt intrusion, and degrades water quality.
Extraction often exceeds natural sediment replacement by severalfold where data exist.
Satellite imaging, efficient use, and alternatives such as recycled glass and treated bottom ash could curb demand.

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Story summary

Researchers report sand and gravel extraction has doubled since 2000, driven by China and India.
In 2024, global city-building projects turned 28 bn tonnes of sand and gravel into concrete.
Overextraction weakens riverbanks, lowers groundwater, causes coastal salt intrusion, and degrades water quality.
Extraction often exceeds natural sediment replacement by severalfold where data exist.
Satellite imaging, efficient use, and alternatives such as recycled glass and treated bottom ash could curb demand.