Full Breakdown
Gulper Sharks Face Extinction Amid Rising Trade Pressures
11/29/2025, 11:55:18 PM
The Crisis Facing Gulper Sharks
Gulper sharks, prehistoric creatures known for their unique appearance and deep-sea habitat, are facing a critical threat of extinction. Approximately 75% of gulper shark species are currently threatened, primarily due to the demand for their liver oil, which is rich in squalene—a compound widely used in cosmetics and personal care products. The International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) highlights that shark liver oil is found in various items, including makeup, aftershave, and even nicotine patches. As deep-sea fishing becomes more prevalent, gulper sharks, which can grow up to 2 meters (7 feet) long, are increasingly at risk.
Trade Regulations and Conservation Efforts
At the 20th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) held in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, a proposal to include all gulper sharks in CITES Appendix II is under consideration. This listing would regulate international trade and improve monitoring of these species. Currently, while over 145 sharks and rays are listed in Appendix II, none are deepwater species, leaving gulper sharks particularly vulnerable. A study published in 2024 indicates that nearly two-thirds of threatened deepwater sharks have been exploited for liver oil products.
The Economic Landscape of Squalene
The global squalene market was valued at approximately $150 million in 2023, with a significant portion sourced from sharks. While some companies, such as L’Oreal and Unilever, have committed to phasing out shark liver oil in favor of plant-based alternatives, many products still contain shark-derived squalene. A 2015 study found that 20% of tested moisturizing creams contained shark squalene, particularly among Asian brands. The extraction of squalene from sharks is particularly concerning, as it requires approximately 3,000 sharks to produce just one ton of the compound.
Official Statements and Responses
Matt Collis, senior director for policy at IFAW, emphasized the importance of trade regulations, stating that CITES offers a compliance mechanism that can lead to trade suspensions for countries failing to adhere to sustainability assessments. He noted that gulper sharks are particularly vulnerable due to their late maturation and slow reproductive rates, making recovery from population declines a lengthy process. Conservationists argue that regulating trade is essential for protecting these species and ensuring marine biodiversity.
Criticism and Opposition
Despite the push for increased protections, some stakeholders remain concerned about the effectiveness of CITES regulations. Critics argue that reliance on developing countries to enforce these protections may be inadequate, given the lucrative nature of the illegal wildlife trade, which is estimated to be worth $10 billion annually. Barbara Slee from IFAW pointed out that over 100 million sharks are killed each year, underscoring the urgent need for stronger measures.
What's Next for Gulper Sharks?
As the CITES conference progresses, the future of gulper sharks hangs in the balance. The proposal for their inclusion in Appendix II is seen as a crucial step to prevent further decline. Conservationists hope that the conference will lead to decisive action before gulper sharks reach a point of no return. The outcome of this meeting could set a precedent for the protection of other vulnerable marine species facing similar threats.
